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(詳細はJewish law today prescribes several kinds of hand washing ((ヘブライ語:נטילת ידיים), ): * Washing of hands when one wakes from his sleep (known in Yiddish as , ), poured out from a vessel three times, intermittently, over each hand. This washing is said to remove an evil spirit from one's fingers.〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 4:2; 4:18), based on the Babylonian Talmud, ''Shabbat'' 108b (end) — 109a. Others say that this hand washing is required before reciting the ''Shema'' in the morning, or praying, or even studying the words of Israel's Sages, such as is alluded to in the Babylonian Talmud, ''Berakhot'' 11b. "R. Hiyya, the son of Ashi has said: 'Many times I would rise up (the morning ) to go before Rab in order to recite our readings in the ''Sifra'' of Rab's Beit Midrash. Rab would first proceed by washing his hands and blessing (them ), and only then would he recite for us the readings'." Compare Maimonides, Code of Jewish Law (Mishne Torah, ''Hil. Berakhot'' 6:2). Others prescribe the washing of hands, not only for the Morning Prayer (Shacharit), but for every prayer. (See: the Yemenite Jewish Prayer Book, ''Tiklāl Etz Ḥayim'', with a commentary by Rabbi Yihya Saleh, and ''Tiklāl Qadmonim'' of Rabbi Yiḥya al-Bashiri).〕 * Washing of hands when one touches his privy parts, or the sweat from his body (excluding his face), or when one crops his fingernails〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 4:18)〕 * Washing of hands when one leaves the latrine, lavatory or bathhouse〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 4:18)〕 * Washing of hands when one leaves a cemetery〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 4:18)〕 * Washing of hands before breaking bread served in one's supper, and only bread made from one of the five chief grains (wheat, cultivated barley, spelt, wild barley,〔The Hebrew words used here are ''shippon'' and ''shibboleth shu'al'', which RASHI translates in this order, "rye and oats", instead of "oats and wild barley" (Maimonides). Maimonides, disagreeing, calls ''shibboleth shu'al'' in Mishnah ''Pesahim'' 2:5 "wild barley."〕 and oats)〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 158:1)〕 * Washing of hands after eating a meal where the salt of Sodom was served at that table〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 181:1), based on the Babylonian Talmud, ''Berakhot'' 53b and ''Hullin'' 105a—b. The salt of Sodom was said to be so potent that if hands were not washed after touching it, those hands with the salt residue could blind one's eyes (''Hullin'' 105b). Some communities no longer practice this washing at the conclusion of their meals, claiming that, today, the salt of Sodom is no longer served at the dinner table. Their practice in this regard seems to be based on a teaching in the Tosafot, on ''Eruvin'' 17b, s.v. מים אחרונים חובה. Other communities persist in the old practice, since there is a teaching that states that although the underlying reason behind a certain ruling has been cancelled, their enactment has not been cancelled.〕 * Washing of hands (practised by the Cohanim, or priests, of some communities) prior to going up to bless the people, as prescribed in the Sacerdotal Blessing (Heb. ברכת כהנים).〔''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 128:6). Cf. Rabbi Yaakov Castro's commentary, ''Arakh Leḥem'' (ibid.). The reason for the disparity in Jewish custom in this case is owing to the ambiguity of the teaching, which simply states that a Cohen (priest of Aaron's lineage) is not permitted to stand and bless the people with unwashed hands. Some hold this to mean the washing of hands in the morning, while others hold this to mean the washing of hands immediately prior to blessing the people.〕 * Washing of hands when, prior to eating, one dips a morsel of food within a liquid (e.g. water, honey, oil, etc.) which then clings to that morsel, with the one exception of fruits, seeing that they do not require hand washing.〔Babylonian Talmud, ''Pesahim'' 115a. While the ''Shulhan Arukh'' (''Orach Chaim'' 158:4) requires the washing of hands prior to eating fruits that are merely damp with one of the seven liquids, Maimonides does not mention this stringency in his Mishne Torah (''Hil. Berakhot'' 6:1). Rabbi Hayim Kessar, in his commentary ''"Baal Shem Tov"'' (ibid.), says that the enactment only applied to ''dipping'' fruits or vegetables in a liquid, but not when wetness merely clung to those fruits or vegetables.〕 In two of these hand washings, water is poured out over one's hands with the aid of a vessel, ''viz''., 1) whenever one wakes from his sleep, and 2) before eating bread.〔Maimonides, Mishne Torah (''Hil. Miqwaot'' 11:1)〕 These hand washings are nearly always accompanied with a special blessing prior to concluding the actual act of washing (see ''infra''). Although the minimal quantity of water needed to fulfill one's religious duty is 1/4 of a ''log'' (a liquid measure of capacity equal to the bulk or volume of one and half medium-sized eggs),〔''Tosefta'' ''Yadayim'' 1:1〕 and must be sufficient to cover at least the middle joints of one's fingers,〔Rabbi Avraham b. Nathan Hayarḥi, ''Sefer Hamanhig'' (the Guide), chapter "Halachot Se'udah", Jerusalem 1970, p. 57〕 water poured out in excess of this amount is considered praiseworthy in Jewish law. The hand washing made when one leaves the lavatory or latrine, or when one touches his privy parts, or sweat, may be done simply with running tap water (faucet). The most developed and, perhaps, important of these washings is the washing of hands before eating bread. Such washing of hands is called in Hebrew, ''netilat yadayim'', meaning "the lifting up of the hands." It is looked upon with such rigidity, that those who willfully neglect its practice are said to make themselves liable to excommunication,〔Babylonian Talmud, ''Berakhot'' 19a〕 and bring upon themselves a state of scarcity,〔Babylonian Talmud, ''Shabbat'' 62b〕 and are quickly taken out of the world.〔Babylonian Talmud, ''Sotah'' 4b〕 == Development of Jewish Ritual == Ten brazen lavers are said to have served the priests in the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem, their function being merely for cleansing the hands and feet before they commenced their service.〔Exodus 30:17-19; I Kings 7:38〕 A teaching preserved in the compendium of Jewish oral law, the Mishnah, informs its reader that any priest who relieved himself by urinating required the washing of the hands and feet.〔Mishnah, ''Yoma'' 3:2; the word "urinating" is written with a euphemism, lit. "anyone who pours water." See: (Mishnah Yoma, chapter 3 )〕 The use of these lavers did not pertain to the general public, nor to their eating foods with washed hands. The Mishnah (Tractate ''Yadayim'') is the first to describe the ritual of hand washing outside of the Temple. The Babylonian Talmud〔''Eruvin'' 21b and ''Shabbat'' 14b – 15a〕 explains that King Solomon enacted hand washing as a safeguard, before one comes to consume of animal sacrifices in the Temple. This enactment was restricted only to washing of hands immediately prior to eating those meat offerings of sacrificial animals (hallowed things) offered in the Temple. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Handwashing in Judaism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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